Cheat sheets

Buffer cheat sheet: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, pKa values for 12 common buffers including Tris HEPES MES phosphate, and the pH ± 1 rule.

Dilution cheat sheet: the C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ identity, common dilution factors and volumes, stock concentrations you'll see in every wet lab, and safety.

Molar-mass cheat sheet: IUPAC 2021 atomic weights for common elements, Hill notation, hydrate syntax, and molecular weights for benchtop reagents.

Molarity cheat sheet: definition, unit conversions across mM/M/µM/nM, and molecular weights for common lab reagents including NaCl KCl Tris.

Serial dilution cheat sheet: the C_N formula, common dilution ladders (1:10, 1:2, 1:5), pipette accuracy floors, and how to plan N-step ladders.

Significant figures cheat sheet: counting rules, arithmetic (multiply, divide, add, subtract), rounding (half-to-even), exact numbers, and pH log rule.

Complete list of strong acids and bases: the seven strong acids, all Group 1 and heavy Group 2 hydroxides, dissociation notes, and common student traps.

Organic functional groups cheat sheet: 24 groups with structures, IUPAC suffixes and prefixes, canonical examples, and the naming priority order.

Polyatomic ions cheat sheet: 30 common ions with formulas and charges, the -ate/-ite naming pattern, per-/hypo- prefixes, and a memory mnemonic.

Solubility rules for ionic compounds: alkali and ammonium salts, nitrates, halide and sulfate exceptions, insoluble carbonates hydroxides sulfides.

Common Ka and Kb values with pKa/pKb for weak acids and bases: acetic, formic, HF, HCN, carbonic, phosphoric, ammonia, pyridine, glycine and more.